Saleh Mohammadi

The warming of cities due to increasing urbanization is becoming a serious environmental problem, which, along with climate change and population growth in urban areas, will put a huge pressure on material and energy resources. Developed cities with a large population, due to ignoring the UHI phenomenon in planning, mostly have severe heating problems and excessive energy consumption. Therefore, finding decisions affecting urban climate before implementing them informs planners about the consequences of their decisions. One of the infrastructural solutions to reduce this problem is urban cooling islands. One of the phenomena of urban cooling is the presence of water spots in the urban structure, which causes the temperature to drop in the city. In recent years, Tehran has faced many heating problems with the influx of population, and the high density of urban construction is a new problem that has led to the aggravation of heat islands in this city. The construction of Chitgar Lake in the growing area of Tehran gives a good opportunity to investigate the cooling effects of water spots and the optimal urban form. In the modeling method of ENVI-met4.4.5 software, it is possible to investigate reduction methods for decision makers with advanced models. The combined strategy of basic studies and construction of 16 combined models was planned to compare urban scenarios based on urban form and geometry under climatic factors and PET thermal comfort index. From the obtained results, it was found that with the construction of Chitgar Lake, the ambient temperature has decreased and the humidity has increased. The thermal comfort index of PET shows that after the construction of Chitgar Lake, the thermal comfort is lower. In describing the results obtained from the basic scenarios to find the optimal urban form, the higher the ratio of height to width of urban valleys, the temperature and thermal comfort index decrease, but the humidity increases. Also, the location of the buildings in the northeast to southwest direction has the lowest temperature and thermal comfort of PET, but it has more humidity. While the east-west model has lower humidity after the mentioned model with a decrease in temperature and a low thermal comfort index. The thermal comfort index of PET shows the layout of the urban form in three types: single block, separate block and central courtyard.

Lack of access to valid systems to evaluate the energy performance of buildings is often a major obstacle for improving the energy efficiency in Iran. Therefore, the establishment of applied standards, policies, and determination of effective factors in the field of energy management are fundamental to improve the building energy efficiency. In this regard, to realize the building energy-saving plans, first energy consumption must be evaluated reasonably and transparently. In this research, using actual energy consumption data, the Top-down benchmarking method is applied in educational buildings in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, Iran. This method is a large-scale energy management approach that compares the energy performance of a given building with peers (similar uses and weather). The research method is analytical and quantitative base. The statistical population of this study includes 31 primary schools in Sanandaj. The CIBSE TM46 standard was used as a validated worldwide approach to calculate the benchmarks. The latest amounts of energy consumption of Sanandaj schools were analyzed by the multiple regression method. Therefore, the end-use energy consumption according to energy bills (Actual gas and electricity usage) of 31 schools from 2016 to 2019 were assessed. Using a top-down approach for deriving the benchmarks, 93 annual Energy Performance Index (EPI) were analyzed. So, the calculated annual energy benchmark for the primary schools in Sanandaj is 180 kWh/m2/yr. However, the breakdown benchmarks for electricity (9 kWh/m2/yr) and gas (171 kWh/m2/yr) were also calculated. Then, the Display Energy Certificate (DEC) for each school was generated based on the calculated benchmark. The results of the analysis indicate that Heating Degree Day (HDD) is affected on gas consumption; however, Cooling Degree Day (CDD) is not significantly affected on electricity consumption. According to the results, the useful area of the building has the most relationship with the amount of electricity and gas consumption. Furthermore, the population density (the number of students and staff per 1 m2) is an effective factor accordingly. Due to the results of multiple regression analysis, the variables such as building volume, age, and type of cooling system can predict 50% of the amount of electricity consumption, while the variables such as building volume, building height, and double-glazed windows can predict 62% of the amount of gas consumed. The results of this study can provide the possibility of developing policies to analyze the actual energy performance in schools, according to the energy consumption standard of schools in Sanandaj. Finally, according to the research results, a high-energy performance sample school was designed on the existing educational site.